Verbs
\ncr Flint assumes that jina means "see" and nanji means "you", and Mrs Harrison and one of the other informants confirm this when he asks them. However, this analysis differs from the analysis of verbs presented in other sources. According to these other sources, nanji would comprise the verb stem na ("see") and the present tense suffix -nji. It is possible that the informants misunderstood Flint's question.
\sd verbs and clauses
\ncfg This gloss is based on the assumption that nanji means "you". This analysis differs from that of the other sources, which would analyses nanji as comprising the verb stem na ("see") and the present tense suffix -nji.
\fft I see you
\ncfft Flint's written gloss: see you
\os Bradley et al 1992:260: ngantharra seeing (verb, transitive, irregular)
\na j-ina-ø-na-nji
\ncna This analysis is based on the verb analyses in Bradley et al (1992), and Kirton & Charlie (1996).
\ng PRES-2sg-1sg-see-PRES
\ncng We assume that ina- corresponds to the 2sg object pronominal prefix irna- (Kirton & Charlie 1996:91).
\ncng We assume that na corresponds to the stem nga (Bradley et al 1992:260: ngantharra seeing (verb, transitive, irregular).
\sd verbs and clauses
\fg I swallow
\ncfg Flint's written gloss: "swallow".
\os Bradley et al 1992:153 janjarra swallowing (verb, transitive)
\na j-i-ilu-ja-nji
\ng PRES-3MASC(f)-3Msg(f)-swallow-PRES
\sd verb
\fg I pant
\ncfg Flint's written gloss: "pant"
\os Bradley et al 1992:311: wurdulanbayarra panting for breath (verb, intransitive).
\na j-ana-wudulamba-i
\ng PRES-1sg-pant-PRES
\ncng We assume that ana- corresponds to the 1sg subject pronominal prefix arna- (Kirton & Charlie 1996:91).
\ncng -i corresponds to -yi, a variant of the present tense suffix for verb stems ending with a CCV pattern (Bradley et al 1992:89).
\ft wulurrinji
\ncr Flint, in his transcription, gives wulurrinji, although the informant's original utterance on the recording appears to be janawulurrinji. This confusion seems to have arisen in the following way: in the original utterance of the verb pronominal prefix is unclear, sounding most like jalu. However, when Flint repeats "jalu", the informant corrects him by giving the 1sg free pronoun ngarna (Kirton & Charlie 1996:37 (5.1)). She may have intended to show that she had actually used the 1sg subject pronominal prefix arna- (Kirton & Charlie 1996:91) in the first place. When asked to repeat the Yanyula word for "to cough", the informant gives wulurrinji alone, and does not repeat the pronominal prefix, and this is the version which Flint records.
\sd verbs and clauses
\fg I cough
\ncfg Flint's written gloss: "cough"
\na j-ana-wulurri-nji
\ng PRES-1sg-cough-PRES
\ncng We assume that ana- corresponds to the 1sg subject pronominal prefix arna- (Kirton & Charlie 1996:91).
\ncr This verb phrase is never given in its entirety by the informant, who appears to have reduced her speed to allow Flint to write down the utterance.
\sd verbs and clauses
\ncft Flint's written transcription: jaluwajbangji yinku
\fft He is calling out to you.
\os Bradley et al 1992:281: wajbantharra calling out (verb, intransitive, takes indirect object)
\na j-alu-wajba-nji yinku
\ng PRES-3pl-call out-PRES 2sg:DAT
\ncng alu- is the 3pl subject pronominal prefix according to Kirton & Charlie (1996:91). However, the above analysis does not fit with Flint's gloss, which has a 3sg subject.
\or januwingkai(2); yindalu(2)
\ncr This verb phrase is never given in its entirety by the informant, who appears to have reduced her speed to allow Flint to write down the utterance.
\ncr Whether Flint interprets janu and wingkai as separate words or merely separate morphemes is unclear.
\sd verbs and clauses
\fg to enter; I enter
\ncfg Flint's written gloss: "enter"
\os Bradley et al 1992:89: jarna-wingkayi I'm going (present).
\na j-anu-wingka-i yinda-lu
\ng PRES-1pl.excl-enter-PRES 2sg-ALL
\ncng We assume that -i corresponds to -yi, a variant of the present tense suffix for verb stems ending with a CCV pattern (Bradley et al 1992:89).
\ncng anu- is the 1pl exclusive pronominal prefix. However, here anu- may correspond to the 1sg subject pronominal prefix arna-.
\ft kanawIngkala kanan malan wagi
\or janawIngkala kanan malan wagi
\ncr There is a brief interruption in the recording of in kanawingkala kananmalan wagi, but this has been left in for the sake of continuity.
\ncr janawIngka and kananmalan wagi (in the \or field) belong together on the recording, although they are separated by an interruption.
\ncr Flint, in his first repetition of this word on the recording, seems to say "janawIngkayi". Later omissions of this final yi may be accidental.
\ncr On the recording, Flint appears to regard the following Yanyula verb phrase as the phrase for "I go to work": janawIngkala kanawIngkala kanamalan wagi. His written transcription corresponds to this: janawInka kanawInkala kanan malan waki. It seems, however, that the phrase intended by the informant is kanawIngkala kanamalan wagi. She appears to have started by giving the past tense form of the verb "to go" (janawingka)and then changed to using the future tense form. Thus janawingka does not belong with the other words in the utterance.
\sd verbs and clauses
\ncft Flint's written transcription: janawInka kanawInkala kanan malan waki
\fg to work; go to work; I go to work every day.
\os Bradley et al 1992:91: -anma- be, stay, remain, camp
\os Bradley et al 1992:281: waki working, work
\na (j-ana-wIngka) k-ana-wingka-la k-ana-anma-la-n waki
\ncna The brackets indicate that this word probably does not belong with the other words in the verb phrase.
\ng (PRES-1sg-go) N.PRES-1sg-go-FUT N.PRES-1sg-remain-FUT-?? working
\ncng j-ana-wIngka has no present or imminent tense suffix on this verb, despite the initial j-. Bradley et al (1992:94-95) note that when a verb in past or future tense takes initial j- (and, conversely, when a verb in present or imminent tense takes initial k-), recurring action is signified. This would fit in with the recurrent nature of going to work every day. A more likely explanation, however, is that the informant actually gives the ordinary past tense form, "janawIngkayi". She seems, quite clearly, to pronounce the final yi. Flint also, in his first repetition on the recording, seems to pronounce the word with a final yi sound.
\ncng We assume that ana- corresponds to the 1sg subject pronominal prefix arna- (Kirton & Charlie 1996:91).
\sd verbs and clauses
\fft I get down from a stone; I climb down from a stone; I jump down from a stone
\ncfft Flint's written translation: "get down from stone"
\os Bradley et al 1992: 245 nbayarra falling;dropping (verb, intransitive)
\sd verbs and clauses
\fft The man came out of the cave; come out of
\ncfft Flint's written translation: "man came out of cave"
\os Bradley et al 1992:285: walanymantharra coming out; emerging (verb, intransitive).
\na j-alu-walanma-nji
\ng PRES-3pl-come out-PRES
\sd verbs and clauses
\fg to jump; to hop
\na j-alu-malingma-nji
\ng PRES-3pl-hop-PRES
\ft jaluyirbaranji; jaluyirbaranji waika
\ncr In her initial translation of this phrase, the speaker gives only jaluyirbaranji. It is only later, in clarifying the Yanyula phrase for "put in", that the speaker gives jaluyirbaranji waika as the Yanyula phrase for "put down".
\sd verbs and clauses
\fg put down; I put this down
\ncfg Flint's written gloss: "put down"
\os Bradley et al 1992:324: yibarrantharra putting (verb, transitive)
\os Bradley et al 1992: 281: waka away (adverb)
\na j-alu-yirbara-nji waika
\ng PRES-3MASC:3pl-put-PRES down
\ft jaluyirbaranji andaanda?? jalayirbaranji andaanda??
\or jaluyirbaranji andaanda(2)
\sd verbs and clauses
\ncft Flint's written transcription: "jaluyirbaranja andaanda"?? "jalayirbaranja andaanda"??
\fg put in; I put something in there; I put this in the bag.
\ncfg Flint's written gloss: "put in"
\os Kirton & Charlie 1996:114 (8.311) arndaarnda inside
\na j-alu-yirbara-nji andaanda
\ng PRES-3MASC:3pl-put-PRES in
\ncr This verb phrase is never given in its entirety by the informant, who appears to have reduced her speed to allow Flint to write down the utterance.
\sd verbs and clauses
\fg bring water
\os Bradley et al 1992:281: wabuda water (noun, masculine)
\na ya-ka-ya wabuda
\ncna We assume that ya- corresponds to the reduced 3M pronominal prefix nya- (reduced in the imperative mood from anya-) (see Kirton & Charlie 1996:146; see Yanyula Grammar).
\ng 3M-take-IMP water
\or janyana'kanji ngabala(2); janyana'kanji; ngabala
\sd verbs and clauses
\fft carry child on shoulder; She carries the child on shoulder.
\os Bradley et al 1992:251 ngabarla carrying position on the shoulders (adverb)
\na j-anya-ana-'ka-nji ngabala
\ng PRES-3M-1sg-carry-PRES on the shoulders
\sd verbs and clauses
\ncft In Flint's written transcription jawandi and manji are on separate lines, but there is a long dash after jawandi. We assume that the long dash indicates that these a morphemes of the same word. This hypothesis is supported by the informant's pronunciation of the word.
\ncft Flint's written transcription: jawandimanj
\fft He is telling you a lie.
\os Bradley et al 1992:294: warndimantharra telling lies (verb, intransitive); Bradley et al 1992:285: walarndimantharra telling lies (verb, intransitive) (expanded form of warndimantharra);
\na j-a-wandima-nji
\ng PRES-3M(f)-tell lies-PRES
\ncng We assume that a- corresponds to the 3M(f) intransitive subject prefix iya- (Kirton & Charlie 1996:91). This analysis appears to be supported by the sound recordings (particularly jawandi-manji(2)) and also fits with Flint's free translation, and with the fact the informant is female.
\or jinangka'rinji(2); jinangka'rinji(3)
\sd Verbs and clauses
\fft Do you understand English?
\ncfft jinangkarinji means "Do you understand?". To say "Do you understand English?" in Yanyula, one would say "jinangkarinji English?". Flint confirms this with the informant on the recording.
\na j-i-ina-ngkari-nji
\ng PRES-3MASC(f)-2sg-understand-PRES
\ncng We assume that ina- corresponds to the 2sg transitive subject prefix inya- (Kirton & Charlie 1996:91).