(Kim,
2000: 9)Below
are some examples of HPSG Principles (the first three were taken from Kim,
2000: 8 – 12 and the last from Carnie, 2002: 369).
The
Immediate Dominance Principle
The
Argument Realization Principle
The
Head Feature Principle ensures that the HEAD properties (such as
part-of-speech, case and verb inflection) of a head are projected onto headed
phrases (Kim, 2000: 8-9):
(1)
Head Feature Principle (HFP):
The
HEAD value of a headed phrase is identified with that of its head-daughter.
(Click
here to view an AVM representation
of the head principle, abbreviated using a path notation.)
This
can be illustrated in the following graph, where the tag [1] indicates that
the HEAD value of the verb is identical to the HEAD value of the VP:
(2)
(Kim,
2000: 9)
(3)
Valence Principle (VALP):
For
each valence feature F, the F value of a headed phrase is the daughter’s F
value minus the realized non-head-daughters.
The
VALP governs combinatorial saturation by ‘checking off’ the combinatorial
requirements of a lexical head. These requirements are encoded through
valence features, such as SPR and COMP mentioned in section
2.1. This is illustrated by (4), an extension of (2), where the COMP
value becomes empty by the combination of the head with its required
complement:
(4)
(Kim,
2000: 10)
Another
important principle which is related to X-bar theory in P&P is the
Immediate Dominance Principle (IDP). This provides schemata that
constrain well-formed phrases. Three examples are the head-subject
schema, the head-complement schema and the head-modifier schema. The
first (see (5)) licenses phrases with a phrasal head daughter and a subject
daughter, analogous [but not equivalent] to the XP ®
YP X’ rule in P&P:
(5)
(Kim,
2000: 10)
The
head-complement schema allows phrases consisting of a head daughter and any
number of daughters, analogous to
XP ®X,
YP in P&P:
(6)
Finally,
the head-modifier schema consists of a phrasal-head combined with a modifier
phrase (according to Kim, 2000: 11-12, this has no analogy in X-bar theory).
The modifier has selectional restrictions on the head it takes (these are
expressed a the value of MOD attributes of modifiers).
This
principle ensures that arguments required by the argument structure are
encoded in SPR, COMP or in the GAP attribute in cases of long distance
dependencies.
(7)
(Carnie,
2002: 372)
The plus sign in (7) is used to indicate that the argument structure requires two arguments in the order given. The minus sign is used to indicate that the value of COMP consists of the complements required in argument structure, minus the arguments missing (which are expressed as values of GAP, see section 2.4).